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描述或限制名詞或代名詞的字稱為形容詞。被描述或限制的名詞或代名詞因此而意義顯得明確、生動等等，其範圍亦因受限制而縮小。比較：𣿅 |
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(1)
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a.
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Man lives in the house.(人住在屋子裏。)𣿅
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b.
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I live in that large, pointed, grey, old house.
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(我住在那幢大的、尖頂的、灰色的、古老的屋子裏。)蕌
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以上 (1) 例裏的 the house只是表示房屋這樣東西 (房屋的總稱)，所有的房屋都包括在內；可是
(2) 例裏的 house 由於形容詞 that, large, pointed, grey, old 的修飾，從一大片的房屋中逐漸縮小範圍而終於顯現得至為明確。𣿅 |
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(2)
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a.
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That is an island.(那是一座島嶼。)
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b.
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That is a tiny, lovely island.(那是一座美麗的小島。)
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(3)
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a.
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Anyone is not permitted to come in.(任何人不許進來。)𣿅
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b.
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Anyone drunk is not permitted to drive.(醉漢不許駕車。)𣿅
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第一章
形容詞的用法 (Use of Adjective) |
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1.
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限定的用法 (Attributive Use):蕌
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放在被修飾的名詞或代名詞 one(s) 之前的形容詞都是屬於限定的用法。作為限定用法的形容詞稱為限定形容詞
(attributive adjective)。 如：
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(1)
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Sunny always has a calm expression, whatever happens.𣿅
(桑妮總是帶有鎮定的表情，不管發生了什事。)
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(2)
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The elderly lady runs two successful businesses.
(這位年紀大的婦女經營兩家很成功的企業。)
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不是有 "ly" 字尾的字都是副詞，elderly是形容詞 (參閱 p.449)，相當於 somewhat old。 𣿅
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(3)
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The peacock's red, blue, green, and gold feathers glistened in the sunlight.
(孔雀的紅色、藍色、綠色和金色羽毛在陽光下閃爍。)𣿅
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2.
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敘述的用法 (Predicative Use):
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放在動詞之後解釋主詞的形容詞，以及放在 "動詞＋受詞" 之後解釋受詞的形容詞都屬於敘述的用法。作為敘述用法的形容詞稱為敘述形容詞
(Predicative Adjective)。 如：
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1.
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在動詞之後做主詞補語（見 p.60）
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(1)
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Sunny is always calm, whatever happens.
(桑妮總是很鎮定，不管發生了什麼。)
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(2)
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My hair has turned grey.(我的頭髮已灰白。)
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(3)
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Your dream will one day come true.
(你的夢想有一天會成為事實的。)
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•
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2.
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在被動語態動詞之後做主詞補語 (見 p.60)
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(1)
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The living-room walls are painted pink.
(起居室的牆被漆成了粉紅色。)𣿅
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(2)
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He was found dead at the roadside.(他被發現死在路邊。)𣿅
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(3)
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The artist was born poor and died poor.
(這位藝術家出生貧寒，死時仍一貧如洗。)
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•
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3.
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在受詞之後做受詞補語 (見 p.61)𣿅
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(1)
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Who opened the door wide?(誰把門敞開著?)𣿅
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(2)
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He turned his son adrift.(他把他的兒子逐出去流浪。)𣿅
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(3)
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After studying the case, the judge found the accused man innocent.
(研究了案情之後，法官發現這位被告無罪。)
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3.
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作名詞的用法 (Used as Nouns):蕌
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有些形容詞 (包括作形容詞用的現在分詞和過去分詞) 之前加上 the 變成了名詞。 |
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1.
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the＋形容詞＝複數名詞－－做主詞時用複數動詞，代名詞用複數。
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the rich(富者)
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the wise(智者)
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the poor(貧者)
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the foolish(愚者)
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the good(好人)
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the bad(壞人)
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the young(年輕人)
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the learned (有學問的人)
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the old/aged(老年人)
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the ignorant(無知的人)
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the strong(壯者)
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the diligent(勤勉的人)
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the weak(弱者)
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the idle(怠惰的人)
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the living(生者)
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(1)
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The rich (= Rich people) are not always happier than the poor
(= poor people).𣿅
(富者未必比貧者快樂。)𣿅
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(2)
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Let's pray for the living (= the living persons), the injured (=
the injured persons), the dying (= the dying persons), and the dead (=the dead persons) in the bus accident.
(我們來為這次車禍中的生者、傷者、垂死者以及死者祈禱。)𣿅
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(3)
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The wounded were abandoned, as the enemy's fire made it impossible to reach them.
(傷者被遺棄了， 因為敵人的炮火而無法到達那裏。)
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•
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(7)
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The sick need not only medical treatment but also sympathy.
(病人不僅需要醫療，而且需要同情。)蕌
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𣿅下面一句裏的 sick也用作複數名詞，相當於 "people who are ill" ：𣿅
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Many sick are well cared for in hospitals.
(許多病人在醫院受到良好的照顧。)
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(註) |
由 and連接的兩個相對的形容詞用作名詞時，前面的the通常是省略的。如：
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(1)
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Young and old, rich and poor, high
and low, all felt that they had lost a true friend.𣿅
(無論老少、貧富、貴賤都認為他們失去了一位忠實的朋友。)
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(2)
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Good and bad alike admired the baseball heroes.
(不分好人和壞人都欽佩那些棒球英雄。)𣿅
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2. |
the deceased (死者－－指最近死的人，指單數或多數的集合體) 與 the
accused (被告－－可兼指單數與複數) 是法律與有關文件中的用語。
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(1)
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The deceased was a well-known engineer.(死者是位有名的工程師。)
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(2)
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The accused was acquitted.(被告被宣告無罪。)𣿅
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(3)
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The accused are on their trial.(被告正在受審。)
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3. |
the＋形容詞＝抽象名詞－－通常是用在哲學方面的寫作中，做主詞時用單數動詞。
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the beautiful=beauty(美) |
the good=goodness(善) |
the true=truth(真) |
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the right=right(是) |
the false=falsehood(偽) |
the wrong=wrong(非) |
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the impossible=impossibility(不可能)
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(1)
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The beautiful(= beauty) is not always the
good(= goodness), and the good is not always the true（= truth).
(美未必是善，善未必是真。)𣿅
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(2)
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He does not know the right from the wrong.(他不辨是非。)𣿅
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4. |
the＋形容詞 (＋of
something)= the＋形容詞＋part(＋of something)， 指某物中的某一部分。
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the yellow of an egg=the yellow part of an egg (蛋黃)
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the white of an eye=the white part of an eye (白眼球)𣿅
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the middle of the road=the middle part of the road (路中央)
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(1)
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I would like the yellow of the egg. (我想要蛋黃。)𣿅
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(2)
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Take the whites of two eggs. (取兩個蛋的蛋白。)𣿅
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(3)
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Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes.𣿅
(= Don't fire until they are very
close.)
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(等到他們非常接近時才開火。)
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5. |
the＋字尾是 "- ch"
或 "- sh" 的表示國籍的形容詞 ＝ 該國之全體人民－－做主詞時用複數動詞，後用複數代名詞。
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(1)
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The British (= All British) are very proud of
their sense of humor.
(英國人頗以他們的幽默感為榮。)
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(2)
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The French think they are a
peace-loving people.
(法國人認為他們是個愛好和平的民族。)𣿅
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其他如：the Scotch(蘇格蘭人)，the Dutch(荷蘭人)，the
English(英國人)， the Spanish(西班牙人)， the Irish(愛爾蘭人)， the Welsh(威尼斯人)
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(註) |
(a)
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以上這些字不可以代表個人。代表個人另有其字。
如：
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a Britisher(一個英國人)，two Britishers(兩個英國人)，an Englishman(一
個英國人)，two Englishmen(兩個英國人)，a Frenchman(一個法國人)，two Frenchmen(兩個法國人)
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(b)
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字尾是"-ese"的代表國籍的字也可以和the結合而成代表全體國民的複數名詞，但是做同位語時沒有the。如：𣿅
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the Chinese(中國人)， the Japanese(日本人)𣿅
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We Chinese love peace.（我們中國人愛好和平。）𣿅
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這些字也可以代表個人，所以可以說：
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a Chinese(一個中國人)， two Chinese(兩個中國人)， a Japanese(一個日本人)，two Japanese(兩個日本人)𣿅
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6. |
the＋最高級形容詞 = 名詞
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(1)
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Are you the youngest in your family?(你是不是你家最小的?)𣿅
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(2)
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Now that your fever has gone, the worst is over and you should soon be on your feet again.
(既然你高燒已退，危險期已經過去了， 你應該很快就會康復了。 )𣿅
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(3)
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A:
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Which one do you want?(你要哪一個?)𣿅
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B:
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The cheapest.（最便宜的。）𣿅
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7. |
所有格＋young = 複數名詞－－通常都是用於動物。 如：𣿅
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(1)
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A dog's young are her puppies.(狗的young就是狗的幼犬。)
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(2)
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The mother cat fought fiercely to defend her young.𣿅
(那隻母貓兇猛地打鬥以保護她的幼仔。)𣿅
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(3)
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These animals care for their young for nearly a year, but some animals quickly desert
their young.𣿅
(這些動物照顧它們的幼仔將近一年，但有些動物很快就拋棄了它們的幼仔。)
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4. |
介詞＋形容詞： |
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往往有些形容詞和名詞一樣地用作介詞的受詞而形成了一些慣用語。常見的如：𣿅 |
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(1) |
in short (簡言之)𣿅
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In short, he is a hypocrite.(簡言之，他是個偽君子。)𣿅
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(2) |
in vain (無效；無用)𣿅
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I tried to advise him, but in vain.(我曾企圖勸他，但是無效。)
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(3) |
in full (完全地；詳細地)
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Please spell your name in full.(請你把你的名字完全拼出來。)
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•
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(提 |
示)
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除了上述這類有限的慣用語而外，介詞之後都是接名詞、代名詞或動名詞做其受詞。
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5. |
Be＋形容詞＋介詞＝及物動詞𣿅 |
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(1) |
I am fond of (= like) music.(我喜歡音樂。)
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(2) |
Don't be afraid of (= fear) the dog.(不要怕這隻狗。)蕌
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在口語中，通常都不用 fear。
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(3) |
He was ignorant of (= did not know) the fact.(他不知道這個事實。)𣿅
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(4) |
He is aware of (= realizes) his rudeness.(他瞭解他的無禮。)𣿅
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