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5. |
若干特殊形式的被動語態： |
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•
•
• |
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續
上 期 |
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6. |
主動的形式，被動的含義： |
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有些及物動詞偶爾也用作不及物，形式上是主動語態，意義上卻是被動。如：𣿅 |
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(1) |
Is this your new pen? Does it
write well?
(這是不是你的新鋼筆? 它好不好寫?)蕌 |
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筆 (pen) 不能自己寫 (write)，而是被人用來寫，但卻不能用被動的形式 (is written)。 |
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(2) |
Some animals
kill only for food.
(有些動物只因爲食用而被殺。)𣿅 |
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動物 (animals)是 “被殺” 當作食物，所以本例中的 kill 是主動的形式，被動的含義。 |
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(3) |
a. |
We cook potatoes.
(我們煮馬鈴薯。)𣿅 |
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b. |
Potatoes cook slowly.
(馬鈴薯煮起來很慢。)𣿅 |
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馬鈴薯 (potatoes)是 “被煮”，所以本句裡的 cook
的形式是主動，意義卻是被動。 |
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(4) |
a. |
We read a play.
(我們讀劇本。)𣿅 |
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b. |
The play reads well.
(這劇本讀起來很好。) |
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劇本 (play) 是 “被讀”，所以本句裡的 reads
的形式是主動，含義卻是被動。 |
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(5) |
a. |
He sells books.
(他賣書。)𣿅 |
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b. |
The book is selling
badly.
(這本書現在銷路很差。) |
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書 (book) 是 “被賣”，所以 is selling 是主動的形式，被動的含義。 |
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(6) |
a. |
Go and wash your hands.
(去洗手。) |
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b. |
It’s a pretty material, but it doesn’t
wash.
(這是很漂亮的布料，可是不耐洗。) |
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布料 (material) 是 “被洗”，所以 wash 是主動的形式，被動的含義。 |
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(7) |
a. |
We keep meat in the refrigerator.
(我們把肉保存在冰箱裡。)𣿅 |
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b. |
Meat will not
keep in this weather.
(肉在這種天氣裡不好保存。)蕌 |
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肉 (meat) 是 “被保存”，所以
keep 是主動的形式，被動的含義。𣿅 |
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(8) |
a. |
We don't own the house; we rent it at ＄250 a month.𣿅
(我們住的房屋不是自己的，是以每月兩百五十元租來的。)𣿅 |
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b. |
This house rents at ＄250 a month.
(這房子每月租金兩百五十元。)蕌 |
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房屋
(house) 是 “被租”，所以 rents 是主動的形式，被動的含義。𣿅 |
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(9) |
a. |
They are building their new school houses.
(他們正在建築新校舍。)𣿅 |
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b. |
Their new school houses
are building.
(他們的新校舍正在建築中。)蕌 |
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校舍
(school houses) 是 “被建”，所以 are building 是主動的形式，被動的含義。 |
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(10) |
a. |
Let me taste the medicine.
(我來嚐嚐這藥的味道。) |
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b. |
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
(良藥苦口。) |
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藥 (medicine) 是 “被嚐”，所以本句裡的 tastes 是主動的形式，被動的含義。 |
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(11) |
Trumpets were sounding (= were being sounded). Guns were firing (= were
being fired). Drums were beating (= were being beaten).𣿅
(號角在響，槍炮在放，軍鼓在鳴。)蕌 |
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未來進行式，以及各種完成進行式因爲都不能用被動語態 (參閱 p.635)，所以都是用主動的形式以表示被動的含義。如： |
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(12) |
不 |
說： |
A bridge of iron across the river
will be being built this time next
year. |
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該 |
說： |
A bridge of iron across the river
will be building this time next year.𣿅
(一座橫跨這條河的鐵橋明年此時正在興建中。)𣿅 |
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(13) |
不 |
說： |
This bridge of iron across the river
has been being built since last
year. |
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該 |
說： |
This bridge of iron across the river
has been building since last year.𣿅
(這座橫跨這條河的鐵橋從去年一直建到現在。)蕌 |
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在 need, want,
require, deserve 和 worth之後的 “-ing”是主動的形式，被動的含義 (參閱 p.441與第二冊 p.94-2)。如：𣿅 |
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(14) |
My watch needs (or wants, requires)
cleaning. (= My watch needs to be
cleaned.)
(我的錶需要清洗。)𣿅 |
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(15) |
The car isn't worth repairing.
(這輛車不值得修理。) |
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(16) |
His advice deserves
acting on.
(他的建議值得採取行動。)蕌 |
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在 something,
anything, nothing 以及名詞之後的不定詞往往用主動的形式來表示被動的含義。如：𣿅 |
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(17) |
There is something to admire in him.
(他有值得讚美的地方。)𣿅 |
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(18) |
There is nothing
to do.
(沒事可做。) |
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其實，這類接在名詞或代名詞之後的不定詞相當於一個形容詞子句，用主動還是被動都有其依據。例如： |
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There is
nothing to do. = There is nothing we can do. |
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主動 主動 |
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There is
nothing to be done. = There is nothing that can be done. |
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被動 被動 |
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