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2.
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動詞的修飾語
── 都屬於副詞
(包括單字、片語和子句)。
如:
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(1)
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He works hard. (他努力工作。)
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(2)
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He works hard from morning till night. (他從早到晚努力工作。)
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(3)
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He has worked here for a year.
(他在這兒已經工作了一年。)
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(4)
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He has worked here since this time last
year.
(他從去年這個時候到現在一直在這裡工作。)
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(5)
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He has worked for us ever since he left
school.
(他自從離開學校到現在一直為我們工作。)
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(6)
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He has worked for the firm, man and boy,
for thirty years.
(他從小就在這公司裡工作,到現在已經有三十年了。)
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man and boy = from boyhood onwards (從小孩子的時候)
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(7)
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He has to work in order to live. (他不得不為生活而工作。)
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以上各例中的主詞都是 he,動詞是
works, has worked 或 has to work,其餘的全都是動詞的修飾語。其中有的是單字,如
hard, here;有的是片語,如
from morning till night, since this time last year, man and boy, in order to live
等;有的則是子句,如 ever since he left school。 |
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再舉數例說明如下: |
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(8)
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Some persons repeatedly use poor grammar
in speaking, but they can usually write beautifully.
(有些人說的時候反覆使用很不高明的文法,可是往往寫得很漂亮。)
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副詞 repeatedly 以及副詞片語
in speaking 都是修飾第一個子句裡的動詞
use 的修飾語;副詞usually 和
beautifully 則是修飾第二個子句裡的動詞
write 的修飾語。 |
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(9)
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We eat to live, not live to eat. (我們為生而食,並非為食而生。)
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不定詞 to live 和 to eat
分別是動詞 eat 和
live 的修飾語。 |
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(註)
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not live to eat
屬於對比語
(詳閱 p.77)。
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(10)
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The escaped prisoner finally threw off his pursuers by hiding in a tree for twenty four hours.
(那逃犯躲在一棵樹上有二十四個小時而終於擺脫了追捕他的人。)
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副詞 finally以及用作副詞的介詞片語
by hiding in a tree for twenty four hours
都是動詞 threw off 的修飾語。in a tree
和 for twenty four hours 這兩個介詞片語都是用作副詞,也都是動名詞
hiding (介詞 by 的受詞)
的修飾語。
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或問:為什麼不將 for twenty four hours
視為動詞 threw off
的修飾語? 反問:是threw off
二十四小時還是
hiding 二十四小時呢?
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throw off = evade (躲開、擺脫)
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(11)
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When the rescue team returned to the village, they were completely done up.
(當營救隊回到村莊的時候,他們已經精疲力竭了。)
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副詞子句 when the rescue team returned to the village
和副詞 completely 都是動詞
were 的修飾語。介詞片語 to the village
則是副詞子句裡的動詞
returned 的修飾語。
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(提
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示)
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修飾動詞的副詞,不一定都是放在動詞之前或後或中間,有時是放在主詞之前,亦即句首或子
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句之首。
如:
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(1)
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Angrily he threw the ball; loudly he shouted.
(他憤怒地拋出球去,大聲叫喊。)
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(2)
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With great calmness he talked about his accident.
(他非常平靜地談到他發生的事故。)
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有關副詞的位置可參閱第七篇。
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3.
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形容詞和副詞的修飾語
── 都屬於副詞 (包括單字、片語和子句):
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如前所述:形容詞是名詞與代名詞的修飾語,副詞是動詞的修飾語。因此,修飾形容詞與副詞的修飾語可以稱為修飾語的修飾語
(Modifiers of Modifiers)。而這類修飾語必定是副詞。至此可知:副詞可以修飾動詞、形容詞或另一副詞。
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(1)
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I know a very beautiful girl who can speak English
very well.
(我認識一位英文說得很好的很漂亮的小姐。)
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第一個 very 是修飾形容詞 beautiful
的修飾語,第二個 very 是修飾副詞
well 的修飾語。
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(2)
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I am glad (happy, delighted, pleased) to see you. (見到你我很高興。)
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不定詞 to see you 是修飾形容詞
glad (或 happy
或 delighted 或
pleased)
的修飾語。
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(3)
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He is too poor to buy a bicycle. (他窮得連腳踏車也買不起。)
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不定詞 to buy a bicycle 是修飾副詞
too (修飾形容詞 poor)
的修飾語。
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(4)
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He is rich enough to buy a motor-car. (他很富有,買得起汽車。)
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不定詞 to buy a motor- car 是修飾副詞
enough (形容詞 rich
的修飾語)
的修飾語。
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(5)
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She looks young for her age. (以她的年齡而論,她顯得很年輕。)
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介詞片語 for her age 是修飾形容詞
young 的修飾語。
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(6)
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He lives next door to me. (他住在我隔壁。)
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介詞片語 to me 是修飾副詞
next door (動詞lives
的修飾語) 的修飾語。
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(7)
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Nobody loves money better than you. (沒有人比你更愛錢。)
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子句 than you (love money) 是修飾副詞
better (動詞 loves
的修飾語) 的修飾語。
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16. |
解釋語 (Explanatory
Materials): |
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不在所要敘述的主題範圍之內,只是附帶或順便加以描述或註解以便更易瞭解或避免誤會所使用的單字、片語或子句統稱為解釋語。 |
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由上述可知,解釋語是在主題之外,因而屬於非必要的成分,若是省略了,對於所要表達的意義和句子的結構均無影響。因此,若是插在句子的中間,在國語中多半用括弧,偶而也用逗點,封起來;若是放在句尾,多半是放在破折號
(相當於英語中的長劃) 之後,或者用括弧封起來。然而在英語中,若是插在句子的中間,前後多用逗點,偶而也用括弧、長劃或引號;若是在句尾,則放在逗點或長劃之後,也有時封在括弧裡。 |
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英語中所謂的解釋語,其中包括了同位語、插語、對比語以及其他具有解釋作用的詞語。茲分別說明於後: |
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1.
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同位語
(Appositive)
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A.
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緊跟在名詞或代名詞之後說明該名詞或代名詞是指何人或事物或內容的詞語即稱為同位語。
如:
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(1)
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Mr.Wang, my child's former private teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday, October 1.
(王先生,我的孩子以前的家庭老師,星期二,十月一日,會來看我們。)
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分析:
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(1)
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Mr.Wang已經明確地指出是哪一個人, my child's former private
teacher (我的小孩以前的家庭教師)
和 Mr.Wang 指的是同一個人。Mr.Wang是做本句的主詞,而my child's former private teacher
除了對 Mr.Wang 加以解釋外,並無其他任何作用。同樣的, October 1
和Tuesday(介詞 on
的受詞) 指的是同一天,也只具有解釋的作用而已。像
my child's former private teacher 和 October 1
這樣作用的詞語即是同位語。
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(2)
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再看看這兩個同位語省略後的句子和原句有怎樣的差異:
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Mr.Wang will be visiting us on Tuesday.
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就意義而言,和原句並無兩樣,只是少了兩個並非必要的解釋而已。
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就結構而言,本句的主詞依然是Mr.Wang,沒變;介詞on
的受詞依然是Tuesday,也沒有變。
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(3)
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由以上分析可知,同位語在句子裡是屬於非必要的部分,若是省略了, 對於原句所要表達的主題或結構並無影響。
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(2)
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I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.
(我, 家中長女, 總是非照顧其他孩子不可。)
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the oldest girl in the family (家中的長女)
是主詞 I 的同位語。
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(3)
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Sunny (my daughter) and I would like to meet you.
(桑妮〔我的女兒〕和我想見您。)
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or:
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Sunny ─ my
daughter ─ and I would like to meet
you. (同上。)
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my daughter (我的女兒) 是 Sunny 的同位語 (主詞是Sunny and I),用長劃比用括弧的語氣強。亦即用長劃是在強調
Sunny是我的女兒,不是別人。
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為什麼同位語 my daughter
的前後不和 (1) (2) 兩例一樣用逗點呢? 我們看看若是用逗點會成什麼樣:
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Sunny, my daughter, and I would like to meet you.
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這樣一來,這個句子的主詞不是成了三個人嗎? 和原義不合,為了避免誤解,所以不能用逗點。
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(4)
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We called him Ta Tou for so long that when I ran into him this morning; I couldn't remember his
name (Wang Min).
(我們叫他大頭有這麼久,以致於今天早晨碰見他的時候卻想不起他的名字〔王民〕。)
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run into 的含義是"不期而遇,碰見",相當於 meet accidentally。
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Wang min 是 his name (remember 的受詞) 的同位語,不用括弧在前面加上逗點也可以。下例也是一樣:
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(5)
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Please give me your answer by Monday (May 3).
(請在星期二〔五月三號〕以前給我回話。)
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May 3 (五月三號) 即是指 Monday (星期一),是它的同位語,不用括弧在前面加上逗點也可以。
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(6)
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His parting words,"I hardly know how to thank
you," were sincere.
(他臨別所說的話,"我簡直不知道如何感謝你們,"是真心的。)
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I hardly know how to thank you (我簡直不知道如何感謝你們) 即是指 his parting
words (他臨別時所說的話),所以是同位語。
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同位語若是一句話,通常都是用引號,如本例是。也可以用圓括弧封起來,還可以用長劃放在前後以加強語氣,如下例。
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(7)
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Your last question,"Why didn't she speak to
us?" can 賀氏英文法全書 |