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在她的許多文章中，同位語"Color and Design"指明了是哪一篇文章，有限制的作用。 |
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比
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較：Her latest article, "Color and Design"，
was published a few days ago.
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(她最近的那篇文章，"顏色和設計"，是幾天前發表的。)
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Her latest article (她最近的那篇文章)
已明確指出是哪一篇文章，同位語"Color and Design"只是順便提一提這篇文章的名稱，不在所要說的主題之內，所以屬於非必要的成分。 |
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(3)
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The statement "I don't
remember" was frequently heard in court yesterday.
("我不記得了"這句供詞昨天在法庭上屢次聽到。)
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the statement的意思是"所說的話，供詞"，"I don't
remember (我不記得了)"
則是所供的內容，兩者的關係是"二位元一體"，所以
"I don't remember"是 the statement(本句的主詞)的同位語。根據句義，昨天在庭上受審者不只一人，供詞當然也不只一句，但由於
"I don't remember" 的說明，這個
statement 確定了， 因此本例中的同位語
"I don't remember" 有限制的作用，屬於必要的成分，前後不可有逗點。如果將其中的
the statement 改作 this (or
that) statement，則所指的 statement
即已確定，後面的同位語即成了非必要的成分，前後必須有逗點。 |
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C.
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只有一個單字的同位語的前後通常都不用逗點，好像和前面的名詞或代名詞已經結合成一個整體。在這種情形下，讀起來要連在一起，不要留停頓的時間。
如：
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(1)
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We Chinese should love our
country- China, our great native land.
(我們中國人應該熱愛〔我們的〕國家 ──
中國，我們偉大的祖國。)
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(2)
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My wife herself has begun her own business, running a bookstore.
(我太太已經開始她自己的生意，經營一家書店。)
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(3)
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My brother Paul
may join us as
well. (我的兄弟保羅可能也加入我們。)
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2.
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插語
(Interpolation)
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在敘事的中途往往會插入一些字以表明所持的態度或看法等解釋性的詞語，這類詞語即稱為插語。用作插語的可能是個片語，也可能是個子句，無論是什麼，均非敘述主題的必要成分，所以都該用逗點、括弧或破折號分開
(有例外，見 p.352-6)。
如： |
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(1) |
Let me say, to begin with, that I have always spoken highly of him.
(首先，讓我說明我一直是稱讚他的。) |
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先看看下面這個將 to begin with 省略後所成的句子： |
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Let me say that I have always spoken highly of him.
(讓我說明我一直是稱讚他的。) |
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這個句子和原句所表達的含義並無不同，此即說明了插入句中的插語
to begin with
不是必要的。 |
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比 |
較：If you want to improve your English, you ought
to begin with a good review of grammar. |
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(如果你想提高你的英語水平，你應該從好好複習文法開始。) |
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本例中的
to begin with
是不可或缺的，和上例中的
to begin with
的作用完全不同。 |
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(2) |
The situation is so serious that,
strictly speaking, bankruptcy is the only solution.
(形勢是如此之糟，嚴格地說來，破產是唯一的途徑。) |
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(3) |
He is a man who, in my
opinion, could work the problem.
(依我看，他是可以解決這個問題的人選。) |
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(4) |
Mrs.Wang, together with her husband and
children, is going to Hongkong. |
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(王太太，要同她的先生和孩子一起，去香港。) |
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(提 |
示) |
動詞的人稱與數是和其真正做主詞的一致，與插語裡的任何字沒有關係，所以本句裡的
is 不可改成 are。 |
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比 |
較：Mrs.Wang and her husband and children are going to Hongkong.
(王太太和她的先生、孩子要去香港。) |
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(5) |
You can read it now or, if you
prefer, when you get home tonight.
(你可以現在看，如果你喜歡，今晚回家看也行。) |
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or
是連接修飾動詞
can read
的副詞
now
和副詞子句
when you get home tonight。在說到
now
的時候，聲明一下，"如果你喜歡
(if you prefer)"，晚上回家時
(when you get home tonight) 也可以。這個句子所要表達的主題是下一句： |
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You can read it now or when you get home tonight. |
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(6) |
That is the best, though not the
cheapest, method of rebuilding our garage.
(那是重建我們的車庫最好的辦法， 雖然不是最便宜的。) |
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比 |
較：That is the best method of rebuilding our garage.
(那是重建我們的車庫最好的辦法。) |
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從以上兩句的比較看來，可知插入句中的"though (it is) not the cheapest(雖然不是最便宜)"並非必要的成分，只不過是附加一點解釋而已。 |
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(7) |
Lao Wang is the type of person who,
when you need help badly, will be the first to volunteer.
(老王是一定會第一個自願效勞的那種類型的人，當你急需要幫助的時候。) |
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比 |
較：Lao Wang is the type of person who will be the first to volunteer.
(老王是一定會第一個自願效勞的那種類型的人。) |
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(8) |
Mr.A said that, as you may already
know, he was planning to visit Europe next week.
(A先生說，正如你們可能已知道的，他正計劃下周去歐洲旅行。) |
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比 |
較：Mr.A said that he was planning to visit Europe next
week. (A先生說他正計劃下周去歐洲旅行。) |
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(9) |
This book, you must admit,
is of great use to you students.
(這本書，你必須承認，對你們學生很有用。) |
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比 |
較：This book is of great use to you students.
(這本書對你們學生很有用。) |
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(10) |
By Saturday (and sooner if at all
possible) I will have an answer for you.
(星期六之前〔如果可能更早些〕我會給你答覆。) |
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at all相當於in any way，意思是"在任何方面"，被用來加重語氣。 |
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比 |
較：By Saturday I will have an answer for you.
(星期六之前我會給你答覆。) |
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(11) |
Call Mr.A─he's with Mr.B─and get his opinion.
(打電話給A先生
── 他和B先生在一起
── 徵求他的意見。) |
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比 |
較：Call Mr.A and get his opinion.
(打電話給A先生徵求他的意見。) |
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(註) |
插句有時是放在句首，也有時是放在句尾。
如： |
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(1) |
As you predict, nothing came of the meeting.
(正如你所料，這會議毫無結果。) |
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(2) |
They promised to share expenses with us,
if I remember correctly.
(他曾許諾和我們一起分擔費用，如果我記得不錯的話。) |
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(3) |
Then he walked out and slammed the door
(can you believe it?)!
(於是他走了出去，砰地把門關上〔你信不信?〕!) |
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3. |
對比語 (Contrasting
Expression) |
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嚴格說來，對比語也該屬於插語的範圍，這是在肯定的敘述裡插入否定的一面以
加強肯定的含義或避免誤會。這種對比語通常都是以not或rather than開始。
如： |
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(1) |
Please write in ink, not in
pencil. (請用鋼筆寫，不要用鉛筆。) |
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(2) |
Please address your complaints to the manager,
not to me.
(請把你們的委屈向經理訴說，不要向我。) |
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(3) |
The fault lies with you, not with
me. (錯在你，不在我。) |
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(4) |
We should eat to live, not live to
eat.
(我們應該為生而食，不應該為食而生。) |
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(5) |
Health, and not money, is what I
want. |
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(健康，而不是金錢，才是我所要的。) |
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(6) |
He is leaving today, not
tomorrow. (他今天要離開，不是明天。) |
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(7) |
I bought, not borrowed, this car from Mr.A.
(我是從A先生那裡買來這輛汽車，不是借來的。) |
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(8) |
He has changed his methods, not his
objection.
(他改變了他的方式，而不是改變他反對的立場。) |
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(9) |
Mr.Lee, rather than Mr.Wang, has been chosen for the job.
(李先生，而不是王先生，被選來擔任這項工作。) |
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(10) |
I always prefer starting early,
rather than leaving everything to the last minute.
(我總是比較喜歡早點兒開始，不喜歡把每件事情都拖到最後一分鐘才辦。) |
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(11) |
You ought to check up, rather than just accept what he
says.
(你應該查證一下， 不要只相信他的話。) |