7. |
代替句尾的動名詞做形式上的主詞: |
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和不定詞不同,動名詞做主詞時通常都是放在正常的位置,亦即放在句首或子句之首。如果放到句尾去,則將動名詞改成不定詞。
例如: |
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Running
your own business requires
a wide range of skills.
(經營自己的事業需要多方面的技能。)
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or:
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It
requires a wide range of skills to run your own
business.(同上。)
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然而,下列兩種結構是不變的,總是用
" It ...+動名詞",其中的動名詞不可改成不
定詞: |
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a.
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It
is no use / no good / not any use / not any good / not much use
/ not much good (或
Is it any use/any good)+動名詞:
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(1)
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It's
no good (or
no use) trying
to explain-I'm not interested.
(企圖解釋沒有用--我沒興趣。)
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(2)
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Is it
any good (or
any use) trying
to explain?(想要解釋有什?用?)
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(3)
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It
doesn't seem much good (or
much use) expecting
him to help.
(期待他幫助似乎沒有多大用處。)
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b.
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It is
worth+動名詞:
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(1)
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It
is worth visiting the National Palace Museum.
(參觀故宮博物院是值得的--故宮博物院值得一看。)
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(2)
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It
isn't worth repairing the car. (這輛車不值得修理。)
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(3)
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Is it
worth getting angry with her? (跟她嘔氣值不值得?)
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8.
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代替句尾的名詞子句做形式上的主詞
(參閱 p.38):
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名詞子句和名詞一樣可以做句子的主詞(見
p.40)。例如: |
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That
smoking can cause cancer is
a well-known fact.
(= Smoking can cause cancer. That is a well-known fact.)
(吸煙可能致癌是個眾所周知的事實。)
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更普通的方式是將做主詞的名詞子句放在句尾,另外用
it 填補它的原位置。此種作用的
it 稱為形式主詞,句尾的名詞子句是真主詞。 |
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例如:It
is a well-known fact that smoking can cause cancer.(同上。)
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再舉數例如下:
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(1)
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It is
true that drug abuse can ruin one's health.
(濫用藥物能損害健康是事實。)
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(2)
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It was
reported that several people had seen the strange object at the
same time.
(據報導好幾個人同時看到那不明物體。)
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(3)
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It
was a pity that the whole scheme fell through after so many
people had worked so hard to make it a success.
(這麼多人為了整個計劃的成功而如此努力地工作,它還是失敗了,真是遺憾。)
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fall
through 的意思是 "失敗",
相當于 "fail"。 |
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•
•
• |
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(8)
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It doesn't
matter when you arrive-just
come when you can come.
(你什麼時候到這倒沒關係,你能來的時候,你就來吧。)
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9.
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代替句尾的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句做形式受詞
(參閱 p.55)--被代替的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句是真受詞(
real object )。
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當不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句做受詞後面還需要受詞補語才能表達所要表達的含義時,必須將不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句置于補語之後,另外用
it 填補它的原位置。此種作用的
it 稱為形式上的受詞,補語之後的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句是真受詞。例如: |
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I think to
speak English well not easy.(×)
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不定詞
to speak English well 是動詞
think 的受詞,後面接著是受詞補語
not easy,這樣的結構不可以。改正的方式有二,其一是將做受詞的不定詞移至補語之後,用
it 填補它的位置做形式上的受詞。如下: |
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a.
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I think
it not easy to speak English well. (O)
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(我認為要說好英語不容易。) |
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另一個方式是將
think 以下的部分變成子句,用
it 做子句裡的形式主詞(見
p.38)。
如下: |
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b.
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I think it
is not easy to speak English well. (O)(同上。)
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不過,不是每一個動詞之後都可接子句做受詞,僅限于
think, find, consider, believe 之類的動詞才可以用于以上
a 和 b
兩種不同的結構。 |
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以下都是用
it 代替後面的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句做形式上的受詞的例子: |
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(1)
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I make it
a rule to get about six every morning.
(我的慣例是每天早晨六時左右起床。)
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(2)
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The
blister on my foot made it painful to walk.
(我腳上的水泡使得走起路來很痛。)
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(3)
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I find it
difficult to talk to you about anything serious.
(我發現很難和你談正經的事情。)
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(4)
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We owe
it to our democratic and efficient government to make our
country a better place.
(我們的國家之所以成為更美好的地方,應該歸功于我們的民主和有效能的政府。)
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•
•
• |
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(8)
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I think
it important that we should keep calm.
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(我覺得我們必須保持冷靜。) |
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本句裡的
should 可以省略,尤其在美語中。 |