|
1.
|
形容詞的等級：
|
|
|
形容詞有 (1)原級(或稱尋常級) (2)比較級
(3)最高級三個等級。 |
|
|
1.
|
原級 (或尋常級)
(Positive Degree)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
He is short.(他很矮。)
|
|
|
|
(2)
|
She is diligent.(她很勤勉。)
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
John is bright.(約翰很聰明。)
|
|
|
2.
|
比較級 (Comparative Degree)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
He is shorter than you.(他比你矮。)
|
|
|
|
(2)
|
She is more diligent than you.(她比你勤勉。)
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
John is the brighter of the two brothers.
(約翰是兩兄弟中比較聰明的。)
|
|
|
3.
|
最高級 (Superlative Degree)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
He is the shortest boy in the school.
(他是該校最矮的男孩。)
|
|
|
|
(2)
|
She is the most diligent student in my class.
(她是本班最用功的學生。)
|
|
|
|
(3)
|
John is the brightest of them all.
(約翰是他們當中最聰明的。)
|
|
2.
|
形容詞的比較級與最高級之形成：
|
|
|
1.
|
一個音節的形容詞－－在字尾加-ｅｒ，-ｅｓｔ。
|
|
|
|
(提
|
示)
|
(a)
|
字尾是 e 時，只加-ｒ，-ｓｔ。
|
|
|
|
|
|
(b)
|
字尾是 "一個母音字母＋一個子音字母"
時，將子音字母重複後再加-ｅｒ，-ｅｓｔ。
|
|
|
|
|
|
(c)
|
字尾是"子音字母＋y" 時，先將 y 改成 i，再加-ｅｒ，
-ｅｓｔ；字尾是 "母音字母＋y" 時，直接加-ｅｒ， -ｅｓｔ。
|
|
|
|
|
原 級
|
比較級
|
最高級
|
原 級
|
比較級
|
最高級
|
|
strong(強壯的)
|
stronger
|
strongest
|
great(偉大的)
|
greater
|
greatest
|
|
thick(厚的)
|
thicker
|
thickest
|
few(少數的)
|
fewer
|
fewest
|
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
(註)
|
以下兩個字的字尾y英國人不變，美國人變與不變均可。
|
|
|
|
|
shy (害羞的) |
shier(美) |
shiest
|
|
shyer(英、美)
|
shyest
|
|
|
sly (狡詐的) |
slier(美)
|
sliest
|
|
slyer(英、美)
|
slyest
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
兩個音節的形容詞－－有以下三種情形： |
|
|
|
A. |
字尾為y時加-ｅｒ，
-ｅｓｔ－－參閱以上
"提示" 裏的 (c)。 |
|
|
|
|
|
an-gry(生氣) |
angrier |
angriest |
hun-gry(饑餓) |
hungrier |
hungriest |
|
mer-ry(愉快的) |
merrier |
merriest |
ear-ly(早) |
earlier |
earliest |
|
ug-ly(醜的) |
uglier |
ugliest |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. |
pleasant, common,
handsome, polite, quiet, wicked, cruel, stupid, tired,以及字尾是-ｅｒ，
-ｌｅ和-ｏｗ的形容詞有兩種方式： |
|
|
|
|
(a) |
字尾加-ｅｒ， -ｅｓｔ |
|
|
|
|
(b) |
字前加more, most (後者較常用) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
pleasant(愉快的) |
pleasanter |
pleasantest |
|
more pleasant |
most pleasant |
|
common(普通的) |
commoner |
commonest |
|
more common |
most common |
|
polite(有禮貌的) |
politer |
politest |
|
more polite |
most polite |
|
handsome(英俊的) |
handsomer |
handsomest |
|
more handsome |
most handsome |
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
|
(註) |
以上各形容詞之變化有些字典裏只列出-ｅｒ， -ｅｓｔ的一種，與實際的使用不符。 |
|
|
|
C. |
其他的兩音節形容詞都是在字前加 ｍｏｒｅ， ｍｏｓｔ。 |
|
|
|
|
|
skill-ful(熟練的) |
more skillful |
most skillful |
|
use-less(無用的) |
more useless |
most useless |
|
fa-mous(著名的) |
more famous |
most famous |
|
lov-ing(親愛的) |
more loving |
most loving |
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
3. |
三個或更多音節的形容詞有下列兩種情形： |
|
|
|
A. |
原為加-ｅｒ， -ｅｓｔ的兩音節形容詞，加了字首
(如 un-) 而變成了三音節後，依然在字尾加-ｅｒ， -ｅｓｔ。 |
|
|
|
|
|
hap-py(快樂的) |
happier |
happiest |
|
un-hap-py(不快樂的) |
unhappier |
unhappiest |
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
|
B. |
其餘的一律在字前加 more, most。 |
|
|
|
|
|
di-li-gent(勤勉的) |
more diligent |
most diligent |
|
dif-fi-cult(困難的) |
more difficult |
most difficult |
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
4. |
以下各形容詞的比較級與最高級的變化沒有規則，只好隨學隨記。 |
|
|
|
|
good(好的) |
better |
best |
many(多數的) |
more |
most |
|
well(健康的) |
much(多量的) |
|
old(老的) |
older |
oldest |
late(遲) |
later |
latest |
|
elder |
eldest |
latter |
last |
|
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
•
•
• |
|
|
|
|
(註) |
以上所述都是表示"更"或"最"的比較級與最高級；至於"更不"或"最不"的比較級與最高級之形成是在一切形容詞之前加
less, least。 如： |
|
|
|
|
|
busy |
busier(更忙) |
busiest(最忙) |
|
less busy(更不忙) |
least busy(最不忙) |
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
She's cleverer than you (are).(她比你聰明。) |
|
|
|
|
(2) |
You're less clever than she (is).
(你比她較不聰明--你沒有她聰明。) |
|
|
|
|
(3) |
His brother is more diligent than he (is).
(他的弟弟比他勤勞。) |
|
|
|
|
(4) |
He is less diligent than his brother (is).
(他沒有他的弟弟勤勞。) |
|
3. |
幾個不規則變化的形容詞 ( 有些也是副詞 ) 的正確用法： |
|
|
1. |
elder, eldest ; older,
oldest : |
|
|
|
elder,eldest指家族裏兄、弟、姐、妹、子、女的長幼次序，只可放在brother,
sister, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter等名詞之前作限定的用法，不可放在 be之後或 than之前作敘述的用法；older,
oldest 指年齡的老幼或事物的新舊，既可作限定的用法，又可作敘述的用法。如： |
|
|
|
(1) |
My elder brother is five years older than your eldest
sister.
(我哥哥比你的大姐大五歲。) |
|
|
|
(2) |
My bicycle is older than yours.
(我的腳踏車比你的舊。) |
|
|
(註) |
(a) |
my elder son是指 "我的兩個兒子當中較大的"，值得注意的是
"我只有兩個兒子"；從my eldest son 我們也該知道 "我至少有三個兒子"。如果我說 my elder
sister,我等於告訴你 "我只有一個比我年齡大的姐姐"。 |
|
|
|
(b) |
有些人比較喜歡說my older brother, your oldest son,不過這只限於口語中。 |
|
|
|
(c) |
elder和eldest還可作名詞用。 如： |
|
|
|
|
(1) |
He is my elder by several years.(=He's older than I by several years.)
(她比我大好幾歲。) |
|
|
|
|
(2) |
Should we always respect our elders?
(我們應不應該永遠尊敬長者?) |
|
|
2. |
later, latest ;
latter, last: |
|
|
|
A. |
指時間－－later是"比……更遲"， latest是"最近(新)的"， last指"在這個以前的"，"上一次的"。如： |
|
|
|
|
(1) |
Is it later than seven o'clock?(現在有沒有過七點鐘?) |
|
|
|
|
(2) |
The late edition of this paper appears at 3 p.m.; there's a later
one at 5 p.m.; the final edition comes out at 7 p.m.
(這報的晚版下午三點出版，下午五點有較晚版，最末版下午七時出版。) |
|
|
|
|
(3) |
"What do you think of his latest play?" "I
like it much better than his last (one)."
("你覺得他最近的這個戲劇怎麼樣?" "我覺得比上一次的好得多。") |
|
|
|
|
|
•
•
• |
|
|
|
B. |
指次序－－latter是指前面所提及的兩者中的 "後者" (前者為 former), last是指三者或更多中的
"最後一個" (第一個為first)。因為都指明是哪一個，所以前面都要有定冠詞 the (參閱p.454-3)。
如： |
|
|
|
|
(1) |
The old man has a son and a daughter. The former is a doctor,
and the latter (= the daughter) is a nurse.
(這位老人有一個兒子和一個女兒，前者是醫生，後者是護士。) |
|
|
|
|
(2) |
The last student in the last row is John. |
|
|
|
|
|
(最後一排的最後一個學生是約翰。) |
|
|
|
|
(3) |
He has said that his latest novel will be his last.
(他說過他最新出版的小說將是他的最後一部了。
) |
|
|
|
C. |
談到剛剛過去的一個星期 (七天) 或一個月(不限於初一到三十或三十一) 的這一段時間時，用the last
(the不可少)。比較： |
|
|
|
|
(1) |
a. |
I had flu last week. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(= during the week before this one)
(我上星期得了流行性感冒。) |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
I've had flu for the last week.(= for seven days up to today)
(過去這一星期來我得了流行性感冒。) |
|
|
|
|
(2) |
a. |
Last year was
difficult.(= the year up to last December)
(去年日子很難過。) |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
The last year has been
difficult.(=the twelve months up to now)
(過去這一年〔十二個月〕日子很難過。) |
|
|
|
(註) |
以下是由 last 所形成的若干時間： |
|
|
|
|
|
the night before last(前晚) |
the week before last(上上個星期) |
|
the year before last(前年) |
the month before last(上上個月) |
|
|
|
|
但 |
是：the day before yesterday(前天) |
|
|
|
不 |
是：the day before last (×) |
|
|
3. |
farther, further: |
|
|
|
美語中，指 "更遠" 時只用farther，但在英語也可用
further；指 "更進一步" 或 "另外的" 時，英美都用further，很少用farther。 如： |
|
|
|
(1) |
Our school is farther (or further) from the city center
than yours.
(我們的學校比你們的學校離市中心更遠。) |
|
|
|
(2) |
There's a policeman standing at the farther end of the street.
(有個警察站在這條街的那一頭。) |
|
|
|
(3) |
Have you anything further to say?
(你還有沒有話要說?) |
|
|
|
|
•
•
• |