7. |
現在完成式的用法: |
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1.
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敘述現在已經做過的事情或已有過的經驗
——
若是指未做過的事情或未曾有的經驗,則用 not
或 never 加以否定。 |
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從 "已經"
二字可知事情之發生是在過去某一個時間。既然事情發生於過去為何不用過去式呢?
因為現在完成式的此一作用是在以過去發生的事情透露出現在的情況,也就是話裡有話,而這話裡的話才是所要表達的重點
(如 "a"
例中的括弧裡),至於事情究竟是何時發生的並不重要,因而未提。如果要敘述某某時間發生了某某事情,必須用過去式,這是單純的敘述過去,現在的情況不在話下
(如 "b"
例中的括弧裡)。這兩種時態所表達的重點之不同極為重要,不可不辨。 |
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(1) |
a. |
The lift has broken
down. (We have to use the stairs.)
(電梯出了故障。—— 我們得用樓梯了。) |
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b. |
The lift broke down
yesterday. (We don't know whether or not it is working again now.)
(電梯昨天故障了。—— 我們不知道現在是否能用了。) |
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(2) |
a. |
I have washed
the car (,it looks lovely).
(我已經洗過那輛車。—— 它看上去很漂亮。) |
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b. |
I washed the car the
day before yesterday (but it may be dirty now).
(我前天洗了那輛車。—— 但它現在可能又髒了。) |
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(3) |
a. |
Have you slept
well? (= How do you feel now after your night's rest?)
(你睡得好不好?。——
一夜休息之後你現在覺得怎樣?) |
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可能是你昨天晚上覺得很疲倦,頭又痛
(Last night you were tired, and had a headache.),因而問你經過這一夜的睡眠現在覺得怎麼樣
—— 重點是問現在的情況。 |
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b. |
Did you sleep well
(last night)? (你〔昨晚〕睡得好不好?) |
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詢問的時間若是今天清晨你起床後不久,其中的
last night
可以省略(因為你當然知道指的是 last
night)。 |
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這個句子是問昨夜
(過去) 的情況,譬如
"你睡得好不好?
(Did you have a good night?)", "有沒有受到什麼驚擾?
(Did anything disturb you?)",夠不夠暖和?
(Were you warm enough?)" 或 "有沒有做些甜蜜的夢?
(Did you have pleasant dreams?)"。總而言之,重點是在過去
(昨夜),與 "現在"
毫無關連。 |
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(4) |
a. |
I have seen your
wife and I must say I think she is very charming indeed.
(我見過你太太而我必須說我認為她實在很迷人。) |
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由於 (過去)
見過你的太太,才產生現在的結果 (如
and 之後所述)。不過,這句話很敏感,要說得適逢其時和恰合其所,以免引起不必要的誤會或疑慮
(說笑)。 |
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b. |
When did you last see
your wife?
(你上次是什麼時候見到你太太?) |
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這個句子的重點是要問動作
(see)
的時間,這一點非常重要,因為有助於警方追查她的行蹤
。 |
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(5) |
Sunny hasn't come
back yet (, so we are still waiting for her).
(桑妮還沒回來。—— 因此我們仍在等她。) |
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(6) |
A: |
Do you like snow?
(你喜不喜歡雪?) |
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B: |
I don't know. I
have never seen snow.
(我不知道。我從未見過雪。) |
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(7) |
I have never
known a man die of love, but I have known a
disappointed lover lose weight.
(我從未聽說過有人死於愛,卻見過失戀的人消瘦。) |
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(8) |
Never in my life
have I felt so excited at this moment.
(我這一生從來沒有覺得像現在這麼興奮。) |
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這是一個倒置句,詳閱
p.135C。 |
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(9) |
It seems to me that I
have once seen this movie somewhere, but I forget
where.
(這部電影我好像曾在什麼地方看過,但是我忘了在哪裡。) |
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(10) |
I haven't seen
anything so beautiful in my life.
(我一生中從未見過如此美麗的東西。) |
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(11) |
A: |
Have you ever visited
China?
(你有沒有到過中國?) |
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B: |
Yes, I went to
Beijing, Nanjing, Hongkong, and Taipei.
(有,我去了北京、南京、香港和台北。) |