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二、間接敘述 (Indirect Speech or Reported Speech) |
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1. |
間接敘述的定義： |
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2. |
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，連接詞之使用： |
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3. |
引述動詞之使用及其位置： |
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4. |
疑問句在間接敘述與直接敘述裡字序之不同： |
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5. |
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，人稱代名詞之改變： |
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6. |
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，this 和 these 之改變： |
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7. |
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，時間副詞與地方副詞之改變： |
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8. |
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，動詞的時態之變與不變： |
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9. |
引述動詞是過去式時，助動詞之變與不變： |
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1. |
原則上由現在式改為過去式。
如： |
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2. |
若直接敘述裡所談的到現在引述時仍然是事實，間接敘述裡仍用現在式。 如： |
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3. |
Shall I/we...? 有各種不同的含義，因此在間接敘述裡也有各種不同的改變：𣿅 |
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must可以保持不變，但由於有多種作用，因而可能有其他詞語可以代替。 |
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A. |
表示 “必要 (necessary)”—— 中文所謂的 “必要” 可能具有以下各種作用： |
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a. |
表示長久的指令或轉述某一項規定——間接敍述裡依然用 must。 如： |
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b. |
表示非立即的、非近期的或時間未確定的未來——此種作用的 must 相當於 will have to，因此在間接敍述裡通常都轉換成 would have
to。 如： |
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5. |
need 的變與不變： |
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•
•
• |
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續
上 期 |
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6. |
could 的變與不變： |
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A. |
表示 “能力
(ability)”： |
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a. |
指現在的能力時，保持不變。 如： |
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(1) |
直： |
“I could swim across the river!” he
boasted.𣿅
(“我能遊過這條河!” 他吹噓道。) |
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爲什麽 can 的過去式竟可以指現在呢? 請閱 p.620-12。 |
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間： |
He boasted that he
could swim across the river.𣿅
(他吹噓他能遊過那條河。)𣿅 |
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(2) |
直： |
“I couldn't
(can't) stand on my head,” he said.
(“我不會倒立,” 他說。)𣿅 |
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間： |
He said he
couldn't stand on his head.
(他說他不會倒立。)𣿅 |
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b. |
指未來的能力時，可以保持不變，也可以改成would be able to。
如： |
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(1) |
直： |
He said, “I
could do it tomorrow.”
(他說， “我明天能做。”)𣿅 |
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間： |
He said he
could do (or would be able to do) it the next day.
(他說他第二天能做。)𣿅 |
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(2) |
直： |
“I couldn't
deliver this letter to him by Saturday,” he said. “I don't know
where he will be.”𣿅
(“我不能在星期六之前把這封信遞給他，” 他說。“我不知道他會在哪兒。”) |
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間： |
He said he
couldn't (or wouldn't be able
to) deliver the letter to him by Saturday because he didn't know where he would
be.
(他說因為他不知道他會在哪兒，他不能在星期六之前把這封信遞給他。) |
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ｃ. |
“if...過去式...，...could+原形...” 裡的
could可以保持不變，也可以改成 would be able to。如： |
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(1) |
直： |
“If I were a bird, I
could fly home,” he said.𣿅
(“我若是一隻鳥，我就能飛回家。” 他說。)𣿅 |
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間： |
He said that if he were a bird, he
could (or would be able to) fly home.𣿅
(他說他若是一隻鳥，他就能飛回家。)𣿅 |
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(2) |
直： |
He said, “If I
had the tools, I could mend it.”𣿅
(他說， “如果我有工具，我就會修理它。”)𣿅 |
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間： |
He said that if he had the tools, he could (or
would be able to) mend it.𣿅
(他說如果他有工具，他就會修理它。)𣿅 |
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本例中若用 would be able to 可能暗示他有意要借或買工具來修理。 |
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(註) |
“if ...過去完成式 ..., ...could have + p.p...” 裡的
could保持不變。 |
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d. |
指過去的能力時，可以保持不變，也可以改成 had been able to。 如
𣿅 |
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(1) |
直： |
“She could speak five languages when I knew him, but
couldn't write her own
name,” he said.
(“我認識她時她能說五種語言，但不會寫她自己的名字。” 他說。) |
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間： |
He said that she
could (or had been able to) speak five languages when he knew
her, but that she couldn't (or hadn't been able to) write her own name.𣿅
(他說當他認識她時她能說五種語言，但她不會寫自己的名字。) |
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(2) |
直： |
“I could read when I was three!” he
boasted.𣿅
(“我三歲時就會讀書!” 他吹噓道。) |
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間： |
He boasted
that he could (or had been able to) read when he was three.𣿅
(他吹噓他三歲時就會讀書。)𣿅 |